Ir. Soekarno The First President of Indonesia was a World Architect

Ir. Soekarno The First President of Indonesia was a World Architect

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Ir. Soekarno The First President of Indonesia was a World Architect

In this article, let's try to analyze how Ir.Soekarno, a civil engineer can form a country the size of Indonesia, what is taught in the civil engineering department so as to create a mindset to make major changes, we know that ir. the first president of the Indonesian republic was civil engineering.

So what is the educational history of the First President of the Republic of Indonesia ...?

Soekarno was born with the name of Soesno Sosrodiharjo on June 6, 1901 in the city of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The education he had taken was as follows:

1. HIS in Surabaya (boarding house in the home of Haji Oemar Said Tokroaminoto, veteran politician of Syarikat Islam founder).
2. HBS (Hoogere Burger School) graduated in 1920.
3. THS (the Technische Hoogeschool or the High Engineering Technical School which is now the Bandung Institute of Technology / ITB) in Bandung passed May 25, 1926.

If we look at the back ground of his education, we can know that in addition to learning about the world, in this case civil engineering is also balanced with strong religious knowledge, where the combination of the two sciences is finally able to produce an expert figure in a building that is identical to a change followed by the science of religion that is able to push the steel in carrying out every wish, task and great responsibility, we have no doubt that religion is able to turn despair into enthusiasm, turn pessimists into optimistic, sincere in fighting and able to face every obstacle so that we can realize what is our goal, we can see that this time with Iranian president Ahmad Denajed who has the technological ability accompanied by strong religion so we can see a very powerful result, with each community able to build sincerely without feeling suspicious of lying by jaj government.

Why is civil engineering so closely related to change? some of the following may be an illustration:

1. The government in managing and developing a city will start it first by doing infrastructure development as a means of other changes both in terms of economy, culture and other matters.
2. The moral of the community can be good so that it can carry out activities that are useful for the country can be started from places of worship which of course require civil engineering to play a role.
3. In civil engineering, in addition to learning how to build, it is also learned how to manage or other languages ​​to manage an activity so that it can produce a job with good quality.
4. Civilization of a nation is often depicted by buildings that it has like Indonesia with Monas, Malaysia with the Petronas Tower, America with a statue of Liberty, Netherlands with a clock tower, Saudi Arabia with a haram mosque and Ka'bah, all of which are certainly closely related to civil engineering.
5. Etc.

So the education of Ir. Soekarno in the Department of Civil Engineering is a big capital for the establishment of a great country that might become a nation prepared by God to lead the world in its time.

So the responsibility of the next generation of civil engineering is to continue and be an inspiration for the changes that have been anticipated by all Indonesians, the change does not occur from members of the House of Representatives or the Government, it will be very difficult, changing a country must begin with each person because with a collection The person automatically in a larger scope will change the country to be good.

Which Architect vs Drafter is more Expert and Smart

Which Architect vs Drafter is more Expert and Smart

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Which Architect vs Drafter is more Expert and Smart

It does not mean to demean the architect or drafter profession but here we try to compare the two as evaluation material to get better. yes ... let us answer together questions about Architects VS Which Drafter is more expert and smart? why this question can arise, of course there are many events experienced by drafters or architects so that there are parties who feel disadvantaged or benefited. Well ... please disclose all the information here, maybe it can be more plong and get responses from our other colleagues, as a start here are some things that might enter it.

Complaints from a Drafter Viewing Point to Architects

1. Those who have drafter ideas, who draw drafter but who get the name of the architect.
2. How come the architect can't draw using computer software, is it even better when you come. This may happen to senior architects who do not follow and learn the latest technology, especially in the field of computerization.
3. what else? ... please discuss here.

Complaints from the Architect's Viewpoint on Drafter

1. How come the drafters take over the work of the architect, making the building design to the community directly.
2. This draft is not the picture according to the architect's idea, at will.
3. what else? ... please discuss here.

The essence of the problem lies in the criteria for evaluating one's expertise, we know that in Indonesia there are many who measure something based on a diploma, even though we don't know what someone is like at school first, is a lazy person who often cheats on the theme or is it really diligent and clever, plus the name of that time continues to run, after school there may be those who continue to study independently so that they continue to develop into great personalities, there are also those who stop learning so that their abilities are stuck. So the expert or smart problem cannot be measured by a formal degree, the school is only helping to improve skills, then depending on each individual wants to move forward or not, so a suggestion for drafters or architects to work well to produce the best work, don't forget continue to study independently or at school & nbsp; so that they can become the greatest according to their respective fields and professions.

7 Factors to Look for in Building Planning

7 Factors to Look for in Building Planning

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7 Factors to Look for in Building Planning

The factors that must be considered in planning the building vary, all must be balanced if you want to get the best building design. Examples of designs that are not balanced, such as building a beautiful house but not strong structure, what is the meaning of beauty if the building collapses immediately because the structure is not strong, some are strong and beautiful but require large costs that should be saved, that means the village does not pay attention to economic factors, there are also buildings that are beautiful, strong, and cheap but not healthy, namely air ventilation is not good so it does not support the health and comfort of the occupants, well ... here are some factors that should be balanced.

Factors that must be considered in designing buildings

1. Strength / Strength, starting from a strong foundation withstand the load above it, sloof, columns and beams that are resistant to the weight of the building itself, moving loads, wind loads, earthquakes and others.
2. Stability / Stability, how to keep a building in a planned position, not tilted or even collapsed.
3. Aesthetics / Beauty / Aesthetic, if this can be done brainstorming to get the best design, by making shapes, color mixing, material selection and other things that can add to the beauty of the building.
4. Economical / Economic, the cost factor is also very important, many people want the best and grandest buildings but the available costs are limited, therefore the design also needs to be adjusted to the available budget.
5. Environmentally friendly / Green, for example, while maintaining the presence of existing trees before building, optimizing natural lighting to save electricity use.
6. Health / Health, for example a septictank distance of at least 10 meters from a well when using ground water sources, every room is made to have a window as a clean air vent.
7. Comfort / Comfort, there are many things related to comfort such as the right width and height of the stairs, the position of the bedroom door is not directly facing the living room, and others.

Those are some things that need to be balanced in designing the building, like making a cup of coffee, the size of sugar, coffee and water must be made right so that the taste is delicious, not bitter nor too sweet.

4 Grouping and Types of Concrete in Indonesia

4 Grouping and Types of Concrete in Indonesia

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4 Grouping and Types of Concrete in Indonesia

Concrete is composed of three main components, namely cement, water and aggregates. And if needed it will be added auxiliary material (admixture) to change certain properties of the concrete. The properties of concrete in a state that is still fresh and after hardening can show considerable differences. Depending on the type, quality and comparisons of the mixed materials used. Grouping of concrete basically develops from time to time, and adjusts to the needs of each country or agency concerned.

Based on unit weight (SNI 03-2847-2002)

Lightweight concrete : unit weight <1,900 kg / m³

Normal concrete : unit weight 2,200 kg / m³ - 2,500 kg / m³

Concrete weight : unit weight> 2,500 kg / m³

SNI does not classify heavy concrete, but in general concrete with a unit weight above 2,500 kg / m³ is categorized as heavy concrete, although some apply a value of 3,200 kg / m³ as a heavy concrete lower limit Concrete whose unit weight is between the above categories is generally not effective comparison of its own weight and strength, although there is no prohibition to make concrete with a unit weight between 1,900 kg / m³ - 2,200 kg / m³

1. BASED ON CONCRETE QUALITY

(SNI 03-6468-2000, ACI 318, ACI 363R-92) from cylindrical test objects (dia. 15 cm, height 30 cm)

1. Low quality concrete (low strength concrete): fc '<20 MPa
2. Medium quality concrete (medium strength concrete): fc '= 21 MPa - 40 MPa
3. High strength concrete: fc '> 41 MPa

2. BASED ON SERVICE

1. Conventional concrete, is a normal concrete that does not experience Prestressed pre-service stress
2. Pre-stressed concrete is concrete which is given pre-service stress at the time of manufacture, with a pre-stressing system
3. Post-tensioned concrete, is concrete which is given pre-service stress at the time of manufacture, with a post-tensioning system.

Pre-service stress delivery is generally designed to provide opposing forces with service style, so that when the reinforced concrete construction bears the load, it practically reduces the workload. This type or group concrete must be designed, implemented and supervised by experienced consultants and specialist contractors

3. BASED ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Concrete in special environments is generally grouped based on conditions that threaten the resistance of reinforced concrete construction:

1. concrete in a corrosive environment, because of the influence of sulfate, chloride, alkali salts, etc.
2. concrete in a non-corrosive wet environment
3. concrete in the environment exposed to weather
4. concrete in an environment protected from weather

in general, treatment, materials or design and implementation requirements are required specifically for the environment that have the potential to threaten the durability or durability of construction

4. BASED ON MAKING

From the way it is made, concrete is generally grouped:

1. In-site cast concrete, which is casted concrete in place, with mold or reference installed in the location of structural elements in buildings or buildings or infrastructure
2. Pre-cast concrete, which is concrete casted at a special manufacturing location, and then transported and assembled to be installed in the location of structural elements in buildings or buildings or infrastructure.

What is JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)

What is JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)

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What is JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)

Japan, which has rapid industrial development is also not free from industry standard standards that are made to standardize all industrial projects. JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) Japanese Industrial Standards have succeeded in making many countries glance at these standards. Indonesia is no exception, JIS is still a reference and reference for Indonesian industrial projects. Then, what exactly is JIS? how is the development? Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) (Nihon Kōgyō Kikaku) sets standards used for industrial activities in Japan. The standardization process was coordinated by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and published through the Japanese Standards Association (JSA). The Japanese Industry Standards Committee consists of many national committees and plays an important role in standardizing activities in Japan. In the Meiji era, the era in which the Japanese empire moved from isolated feudal societies to Westernized forms. The standard is still held and made by private companies, the Empire has only a few standards. All of these were combined and summarized to form the official standard of Japanese Engineering Standard (JES) in 1921. During World War II, the standard was re-simplified and changed to increase the material production of the War.

In 1945 Japanese Association Standards were established after Japan's defeat in World War II. The Japanese Industrial Standards Committee Regulation was announced in 1946, forming a new Japanese standard (new JES). The Industrial Standardization Act was enacted in 1949, which formed the legal basis for Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS).

The Industry Standardization Act was revised in 2004 and the "JIS mark" (product certification system) changed; since October 1, 2005, the new JIS mark has been applied to re-certification. The use of the old mark is permitted during the three-year transition period (until 30 September 2008), and each producer obtains a new certification or renews the certification under the approval of an authority that has been able to use the new JIS mark. Therefore, all Japanese Products have JIS certificates, and new JIS marks since October 1, 2008.

The standard is named like "JIS X 0208: 1997", where X shows the division of regions, followed by four digits (or five digits for several standards that conform to ISO standards), and the year of revision release. Standard JIS classification and numbering are named like "JIS X 0208: 1997", where X denotes Division division, followed by four digits (or five digits for the appropriate ISO standard standards), and revised release year. The JIS Division and significant standards are:

A – Civil Engineering and Architecture

B – Mechanical Engineering

JIS B 7021:2013 – Water resistant watches for general use -- Classification and water resistibility

JIS B 7512:2016 – Steel tape measures JIS B 7516:2005 – Metal rules

C – Electronic and Electrical Engineering

JIS C 0920:2003 – Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

JIS C 5062:2008 – Marking codes for resistors and capacitors

JIS C 5063:1997 – Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors

JIS C 7001 – Type designation system for electronic tubes[1]

JIS C 7012 – Type designation system for discrete semiconductor devices

JIS C 8800:2008 – Glossary of terms for fuel cell power systems

D – Automotive Engineering

E – Railway Engineering

F – Ship building

G – Ferrous Materials and Metallurgy

H – Nonferrous materials and metallurgy[2]

JIS H 2105 – Pig lead

JIS H 2107 – Zinc ingots

JIS H 2113 – Cadmium metal

JIS H 2116 – Tungsten powder and tungsten carbide powder

JIS H 2118 – Aluminum alloy ingots for die castings

JIS H 2121 – Electrolytic cathode copper

JIS H 2141 – Silver bullion JIS H 2201 – Zinc alloy ingots for die casting

JIS H 2202 – Copper alloy ingots for castings

JIS H 2211 – Aluminium alloy ingots for castings

JIS H 2501 – Phosphor copper metal

JIS H 3100 – Copper and copper alloy sheets, plates and strips

JIS H 3110 – Phosphor bronze and nickel silver sheets, plates and strips

JIS H 3130 – Copper beryllium alloy, copper titanium alloy, phosphor bronze, copper-nickel-tin alloy and nickel silver sheets, plates and strips for springs

JIS H 3140 – Copper bus bars JIS H 3250 – Copper and copper alloy rods and bars

JIS H 3260 – Copper and copper alloy wires

JIS H 3270 – Copper beryllium alloy, phosphor bronze and nickel silver rods, bars and wires

JIS H 3300 – Copper and copper alloy seamless pipes and tubes

JIS H 3320 – Copper and copper alloy welded pipes and tubes

JIS H 3330 – Plastic covered copper tubes

JIS H 3401 – Pipe fittings of copper and copper alloys

JIS H 4000 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy sheets and plates, strips and coiled sheets

JIS H 4001 – Painted aluminium and aluminium alloy sheets and strips

JIS H 4040 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy rods, bars and wires

JIS H 4080 – Aluminium and aluminium alloys extruded tubes and cold-drawn tubes

JIS H 4090 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy welded pipes and tubes

JIS H 4100 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy extruded shape

JIS H 4160 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy foils

JIS H 4170 – High purity aluminium foils

JIS H 4301 – Lead and lead alloy sheets and plates

JIS H 4303 – DM lead sheets and plates

JIS H 4311 – Lead and lead alloy tubes for common industries

JIS H 4461 – Tungsten wires for lighting and electronic equipments

JIS H 4463 – Thoriated tungsten wires and rods for lighting and electronic equipment

JIS H 4631 – Titanium and titanium alloy tubes for heat exchangers

JIS H 4635 – Titanium and titanium alloy welded pipes

JIS H 5401 – White metal

JIS H 8300 – Thermal spraying―zinc, aluminium and their alloys

JIS H 8601 – Anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys

JIS H 8602 – Combined coatings of anodic oxide and organic coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys

JIS H 8615 – Electroplated coatings of chromium for engineering purposes

JIS H 8641 – Zinc hot dip galvanizings

JIS H 8642 – Hot dip aluminized coatings on ferrous products

K – Chemical Engineering

L – Textile Engineering

M – Mining

P – Pulp and Paper

JIS P 0138-61 (JIS P 0138:1998): process finished paper size (ISO 216 with a slightly larger B series)

Q – Management System

JIS Q 9001 - Quality management systems – requirements

JIS Q 14001 - Environment management systems - requirements with guidance for use

JIS Q 15001 - Personal information protection management systems – requirements

JIS Q 20000-1 - IT service management – specification

JIS Q 27001 - Information security management systems – requirements

R – Ceramics

S – Domestic Wares

T – Medical Equipment and Safety Appliances

W – Aircraft and Aviation

X – Information Processing

JIS X 0201:1997 – Japanese national variant of the ISO 646 7-bit character set

JIS X 0202:1998 – Japanese national standard which corresponds to the ISO 2022 character encoding

JIS X 0208:1997 – 7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded kanji sets for information interchange

JIS X 0212:1990 – Supplementary Japanese graphic character set for information interchange JIS X 0213:2004 – 7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded extended Kanji sets for information interchange

JIS X 0221-1:2001 – Japanese national standard which corresponds to ISO 10646

JIS X 0401:1973 – To-do-fu-ken (prefecture) identification code JIS X 0402:2003 – Identification code for cities, towns and villages

JIS X 0405:1994 – Commodity classification code

JIS X 0408:2004 – Identification code for universities and colleges

JIS X 0501:1985 – Bar code symbol for uniform commodity code

JIS X 0510:2004 – QR Code

JIS X 3001-1:2009, JIS X 3001-2:2002, JIS X 3001-3:2000 – Fortran programming language

JIS X 3002:2001 – COBOL

JIS X 3005-1:2010 – SQL

JIS X 3010:2003 – C programming language

JIS X 3014:2003 – C++ JIS X 3017:2011,

JIS X 3017:2013 – Programming languages – Ruby

JIS X 3030:1994 – POSIX - repealed in 2010

JIS X 4061:1996 – Collation of Japanese character string

JIS X 6002:1980 – Keyboard layout for information processing using the JIS 7 bit coded character set

JIS X 6054-1:1999 – MIDI JIS X 6241:2004 – 120 mm DVD – Read-only disk

JIS X 6243:1998 – 120 mm DVD Rewritable Disk (DVD-RAM)

JIS X 6245:1999 – 80 mm (1.23GB/side) and 120 mm (3.95GB/side) DVD-Recordable-Disk (DVD-R)

JIS X 6302-6:2011 - Identification cards -- Recording technique -- Part 6: Magnetic stripe -- High coercivity

JIS X 9051:1984 – 16-dots matrix character patterns for display devices

JIS X 9052:1983 – 24-dots matrix character patterns for dot printers

Z – Miscellaneous

JIS Z 2371:2015 – Methods of salt spray testing

JIS Z 8301:2011 – Rules for the layout and drafting of Japanese Industrial Standards

JIS Z 9112:2012 – Classification of fluorescent lamps and light emitting diodes by chromaticity and colour rendering property

7 Most Famous Architects in Indonesia

7 Most Famous Architects in Indonesia

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7 Most Famous Architects in Indonesia

Behind a great building work, there are reliable architects. But sometimes, many people don't know who the master mind is from these buildings. In Indonesia alone, there are quite a number of well-known buildings that are actually made by the nation's children. From the Dutch colonial era to the present, these buildings still look magnificent and sturdy. Who are the legendary and famous architects in Indonesia?

Frederich Silaban

Frederich, who is the son of North Sumatra, studied architects self-taught, his formal education was only at the level of STM (Middle Engineering School). Quite a lot of his works in Indonesia are famous such as Istiqlal Mosque, National Monument, Bung Karno Stadium in Jakarta to the Equator Monument in Pontianak. For his work, Istiqlal Mosque, he also received an award in the form of Honorary Sign of Civil Service Stars from the government.

Liem Bwan Tjie

Liem Bwan Tjie is the proud architect of Malang City who became the first generation of Indonesian architects who graduated from the Netherlands. He was trusted in his time to design houses of the elite and rich in Indonesia. One of his famous works is the house of a nobleman named The Bo Djwan directly opposite Malang Brawijaya Museum. Other works include Woonhuis Loa Sek Hie Jakarta (1929-1930), Oei Tiong Ham Concern headquarters in Jalan Kepodang, Semarang (1930), Exemplary Stadium in Medan (1953-1955), and the Office of the Department of Land Affairs in Jakarta (1960- 1961)

Early Han

Named Han Hoo Tjwan, Han Awal was a conservatory architect who was famous for the restoration of historic old buildings in Indonesia. In 1988 he was involved in the renovation of the Jakarta Cathedral which had suffered severe damage in various parts. Subsequently in the early 1990s, Han Awal was involved in a restoration project of the Indonesian National Archives Building with a Dutch architect and an English graduate architect. Han Awal is also involved in the construction of the Conefo Project.

Soejoedi Wirjoatmodjo

Remember the turtle building, aka the Indonesian Parliament / MPR Building in the Senayan area, Jakarta is his famous work. In addition to the Republic of Indonesia DPR / MPR Complex, his work is well-known and can still be seen today is the Braga Permai Restaurant Cafe in Braga Region, Bandung. Not only that, Soejoedi also played a role in the construction of the ASEAN Secretariat Building, the French Embassy Building in Jakarta, and designing a city planning masterplan in several regions in Indonesia.

Slamet Wirasonjaya

Slamet Wirasonjaya is one of the ITB Architecture Professors. His famous works and still standing upright are the West Java People's Struggle Monument (MPRJB), Jogja Kembali Monument (Monjali), ITB Central Library, and ITB's Sasana Budaya Ganesha (Sabuga). The Conefo (Conference of New Emerging Forces) project from 1964-1972 which is a landscape design and has now changed to the Republic of Indonesia Parliamentary Complex is his first work as a landscape architect. The grand space around the Monas Monument in Jakarta is also the result of his thoughts.

Achmad Noeman

Achmad Noeman is known as a million mosque architect. Works of famous mosques such as Amir Hamzah Mosque Taman Ismail Marzuki, Masji at-Tin, Islamic Center Mosque (Jakarta), and Salman ITB Mosque (Bandung). Not only the mosque works in Indonesia, Achmad Noeman's work has also come abroad, namely Suharto in Bosnia and Sheikh Yusuf Mosque in Cape Town, South Africa. The architect from Garut, born in 1924, is one of the founders of IAI (Indonesian Architects Association).

M Ridwan Kamil

The figure of Ridwal Kamil who is often called Kang Emil is so famous because it is the number 1 person in the city of Bandung. Before becoming mayor, Ridwan Kamil worked as an architect who had produced many famous works such as the Aceh Tsunami Museum, Rasuna Epicentrum Jakarta, Al Irsyad Mosque in Bandung, and various thematic parks in the city he led and the bottle houses he lived in. In 2013, he embodied the achievement by being awarded the Urban Leadership Award from the University of Pennsylvania. He is the only Indonesian who won the award.

7 The Tallest Building in The World updates 2018

7 The Tallest Building in The World updates 2018

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7 The Tallest Building in The World updates 2018

Building is a multi-storey building that is usually used by humans to carry out activities. The building can be functioned into several types such as hotels, apartments, offices, shopping centers and many more. Buildings have varying heights. There are those who have ordinary heights, there are also those who have extraordinary height which are usually called skyscrapers. With this extraordinary height, you can imagine the quality of the concrete that is used must be of high quality. The criteria regarding the definition and determination of the highest building are still debated to date and have not reached an agreement. One of the most frequently debated criteria is the Telecommunication Antenna Height on the roof of the building concerned so that the height of the building will increase due to the Antenna. But in general, the media coverage of the highest building is to include Telecommunications Antennas as part of Building Height with the record that the highest buildings can be used for Residential (residential), Business or office centers and Hotels. The list of the tallest buildings in the world will not always remain and will continue to change along with development and development. Here are the 7 Highest Buildings in the world, update 2018

CTF Finance Center,

This tall building was completed in 2010 and has been used for various things such as being a place for important conferences, observatories, shopping centers, and office buildings. On the top floor of the 112th floor, there is an observation deck.

China Height: 530 Meters

Floor: 111 floors

Inaugurated in 2016:

Location: Guangzhou, China

Usage: Offices, Hotels,

Resident Owner: Chow Tai Fook Enterprises

One World Trade Center,

United States After the September 11 terrorist attacks at the World Trade Center, this building was later rebuilt with a height of 1,776 feet. Located in the center of metropolitan, New York, the One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the western hemisphere. This building was built by the same architectural company, namely Skidmore, Owis & Merrill. Height: 541.3 Meters

Floor: 94 floors

Inaugurated year: 2014

Location: New York, United States

Usage: Office

Owner: 1 World Trade Center LLC

Lotte World Tower,

South Korea Lotte World Tower is one of the new high-rise buildings that is included in the list of the world's tallest buildings. Because, the construction of this building was completely completed in March 2016. However, this building was successfully crowned the number 5 highest building in the world for now. It took up to 13 years of preparation and planning before this building was actually built, until finally the development planning was approved by the government in 2010. The building has 123 floors, 6 of which are underground.

Ping An Finance Center,

China Consisting of 115 floors, this building is located in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province. This 1,965-foot building contains offices, shopping centers, conference centers and five-star hotels. In addition to its height, Ping An Finance Center is known for its sophisticated elevators that can reach speeds of up to 10 miles per second.

Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower, Saudi Arabia

Abraj Al-Bait, located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia consists of 120 floors. This building is better known as the Mecca Royal Hotel Clock Tower. Located south of the entrance to the Haram Mosque, Abraj Al-Bait has seven Towers, with the highest Tower, the Hotel Tower which is specifically used for apartments. Under the highest tower, there are shopping centers, conference rooms and other facilities such as a prayer room that can accommodate up to 10,000 people. Done starting in 2004, it took 8 years to complete the construction of this building.

Height: 601 Meters

Floor: 120 floors

Inaugurated year: 2012

Location: Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Usage: Offices, Hotels

Owner: Saudi Bin Laden Group

Shanghai Tower, China

The 121-storey Shanghai Tower is the second tallest building in the world. The construction of the Shanghai Tower began in 2006 and requires eight years of work before it was finally completed in March 2014. The total construction costs reached 4.2 billion dollars. This 2,073 foot high building is designed to be used as a hotel and office. Shanghai Tower has 1,100 parking lots and 320 hotel rooms.

Height: 632 Meters

Floor: 128 floors

Inaugurated year: 2015

Location: Shanghai, China

Usage: Offices and Hotels

Owner: Shanghai Tower Construction and Development

Burj Khalifa, Dubai

Burj Khalifa was originally known as the Burj Dubai and became the tallest building in the world. With an altitude of 2,712 feet, this building has 163 floors. So high, during Ramadan there is a difference in the time to break the fast on each floor. This building has the same designer as the One World Trade Center, namely Owings, Skidmore and Merrill of Chicago. The building is a government project of the United Arab Emirates to divert the country's economy from being initially only oil, expanding tourism. Apart from being the tallest building, Burj Khalifa also has the fastest elevator with a speed of 60km / hour. That is the 7th tallest building in the world, the most contributing country is China. While in the first position is Dubai.

Height: 828 Meters

Floor: 163 floors

Inaugurated year: 2010

Location: Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Usage: Offices, Hotels, Resident

Owner: Emaar

What is ASTM (American Standard Testing and Material)

What is ASTM (American Standard Testing and Material)

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What is ASTM (American Standard Testing and Material)

ASTM C 33 Standard Test Method for Fine and coarse aggregates, Maybe most of us often see standards such as ASTM C 33. Various types of material testing standards are generally based on ASTM standards. then what exactly is ASTM?

ASTM is an international standard and testing organization with headquarters in West Conshohocken, PA and offices in Belgium, Canada, China, Mexico and Washington, DC Founded in 1898 by a group of Pennsylvania Railroad engineers and scientists, led by chemist Charles Benjamin Dudley, to overcoming the frequent problematic railroad material in the rapidly growing railroad industry. Originally called the "American Society for Testing and Materials", it later changed its name to "ASTM International" in 2001. The association has more than 30,000 members, including users, producers, consumers and other public interests. and also includes academics and consultants.

ASTM develops and publishes technical standards that are accepted through consensus and are used voluntarily for a variety of products, materials, systems and services. To date, around 12,000 ASTM standards are used worldwide with 143 technical standard writing committees. Standards are developed in accordance with the principles of the World Trade Organization which include "coherence, consensus, dimensions of development, effectiveness, impartiality, openness, relevance and transparency." ASTM's internal standards are divided into six categories: Standard Specifications, Standard Test Methods, Standard Practice Guidelines, Classification Standards and Terminology Standards.

Every year ASTM International publishes the ASTM Standards Yearbook. This standard consists of around 80 volumes and includes standards for plastics, adhesives, and rubber and iron and steel, nonferrous metals, metal test methods and analytical procedures, construction, textiles, electrical and electronic insulation, water and environmental technology, nuclear, solar and energy geothermal, equipment and medical services, and many others.

Along with developing standards based on consensus, ASTM International offers technical training programs for industry and government. ASTM also conducts proficiency testing and inter-laboratory crosscheck programs. Proficiency Testing Programs is a statistical quality assurance program. The laboratory can assess their performance by comparing their data with other laboratories participating in the same program. The Skills Testing Program includes testing plastics and metals as well as aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum products, engine coolant, octane and textile testing, to name a few.

ASTM also offers training programs including continuing education or on-line training. Further education includes courses on plastics, coal, statistics, glass, rubber and textiles. In accordance with its provenance, ASTM offers online self-training courses for QA / QC technicians in the construction industry such as cement testing, concrete strength testing, and aggregate testing and also provides on-site training.

ASTM also offers a certification program that includes products including materials, systems and services and personnel to be demonstrated through third party compliance that is independent of standards. Two of them are the Voluntary BioA Product Labeling Program and the National Center for Aerospace Technology & Transportation.

There are around 12,000 standard ASTM standards created by special coding. Signatures usually consist of prefix letters and numbers that are set in sequence. Optionally followed by a dash and the last two digits of the year in which the standard was adopted. The standard begins with a letter indicating the division of types with the following subject:

A = Iron and Steel

B = Nonferrous Metal Material

C = Ceramics, Concrete, and Stone Materials

D = Other Materials

E = Miscellaneous Subjects

F = Material for Specific Applications

G = Corrosion, Deterioration and Degradation of Materials

The following is a list of ASTM standards for material Standardization C (Ceramics, Concrete, and Stone Materials),

1. ASTM C 31 Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field (Standard Practice for Maintenance of Concrete Test Specimens in the Field)
2. ASTM C 33 Standard Test Method for Fine and coarse aggregates (Standard Test Method for Fine and coarse aggregates)
3. ASTM C 39 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens (Standard test method for compressive strength Cylinder Concrete Specimens)
4. ASTM C 91 Standards and Concrete Standards (Standard Cement and Concrete) ASTM C 91-05 Standard Specification for Masonry Cement (Standard Specifications for Masonry Cement)
5. ASTM C 150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement (Standard Specifications for Portland Cement)
6. ASTM C 309 Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete (Standard Specifications for Membrane Liquid Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete)
7. ASTM C 618 Standard Specification for Coal Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
8. ASTM C 876 Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potential of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete
9. ASTM C 813-90 Standard Test Method for Hydrophobic Contamination on Glass by Contact Angle Measurement
10. ASTM C 857-14 Standard Practice for Minimum Structural Design Loading for Underground Precast Concrete Utility Structures
11. ASTM C 926 Standard Specification for Application of Portland Cement-Based Plaster
12. ASTM C 955 Standard Specification for Transverse and Axial Steel Studs, Runners (Tracks), and Bracing or Bridging for Screws Application of Products and Metal Plaster Gypsum Panel Bases
13. ASTM C 1112 Standard Guide for Application of Radiation Monitors to the Control and Physical Security of Special Nuclear Materials
14. ASTM C 1130-17 Standard Practice for Calibration of Thin Heat Flux Transducers
15. ASTM C1155 Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data
16. ASTM C 1202 Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Chloride's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration
17. ASTM C 1270 Standard Practice for Detection Sensitivity Mapping of In-Plant Walk-Through Metal Detectors
18. ASTM C 1271 Standard Test Method for X-Ray Spectrometric Analysis of Lime and Limestone
19. ASTM C 1321 - 04 Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
20. ASTM C0141 Standard Practice for In-Situ Heat Flux Measurements in Industrial Thermal Insulation Using Heat Flux Transducers
21. ASTM C 1349 Standard Specification for Flat Glass Clad Polycarbonate Architectural