Recognizing Foundations as Sub Building Structure

Recognizing Foundations as Sub Building Structure

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Recognizing Foundations as Sub Building Structure

All building construction is designed to be built on the ground and must be supported by a foundation. the foundation is part of an engineering system that continues the load supported by the foundation and its own weight to and into the soil with rocks located below it. The resulting ground voltages except on the ground surface, are in addition to the burdens that already exist in the soil mass from the weight of the material itself and its geological history. The cumulative expenses of the floor and buildings above it (super structure) are received by the foundation (substructure) which deals directly with the land.

The function of the foundation is to safely forward a centralized reaction from the column and / or wall or lateral loads from the retaining wall, to the ground, without the occurrence of differential settlements in the structural system without the collapse of the soil. Conditioning structure buildings depends entirely on the local soil structure.

Land must be able to support and sustain the burden of any construction planned on the land without the occurrence of shear failure and the resulting deflection deflection can be surveyed for the construction. A foundation for building a structure must be sufficient so that the construction has satisfactory use and to be safely occupied. A foundation must be able to meet several stability requirements and deformation requirements such as:

1. The depth must be able to anticipate the expenditure or shift of material / soil in the lateral direction from the bottom of the foundation, especially for the palm and raft foundations.
2. Depth must be below the area of ​​seasonal volume changes caused by freezing, disbursement and project growth.
3. The system must be safe against reversal, rotation. pushing or broken ground (shear strength failure).
4. The system must be safe against corrosion or deterioration caused by hazardous materials found in the soil. This needs special attention when returning to stockpile with good landfill, especially for marine-related foundations.
5. The system must be sufficient to withstand some changes in place or geometric construction.
6. The foundation must be economical in the installation method.
7. The whole movement (generally deflections) and differential movements must be able to be traced to both the foundation elements and the elements of the building above the ground.
8. The foundation and construction must meet the standard requirements for environmental protection.

If the foundation is incorrectly designed, then there will be a part of the structure that has a greater decline than the surrounding area. Various structural elements that meet at the convergence point of the columns will experience more stress due to the unequal decline, which in the end will result in excessive deformation.

Additional bending and torsional moments that exceed the resistive capacity of structural elements can result in excessive cracking due to the melting of the reinforcement, and eventually lead to collapse.

If the entire structure experiences a uniform decrease, only a small or no excess voltage will occur. Such behavior can be studied on very rigid foundations and the soil is so soft that the above structure behaves like a floating object, which can change position without damage.

Examples of such structures can be seen, such as in Mexico City, whose buildings have shallow foundations and have experienced a few feet of decline over the years as a result of the land consolidation process.

Other examples of very slow declines, or also the consolidation process is not uniform, also the gradual loss of structural stability, as happened in the Pisa italy skewed tower, is an example of a non-uniform foundation reduction problem.

The layout plan of a structure is very diverse, as well as the soil conditions can differ in an area and in other areas far apart and nearby. As a result, the type of foundation chosen must be based on these factors, plus other factors, such as economic factors.

In summary, the structural planner must obtain complete land data as needed before determining the type and layout of the foundation of a planned structure. Therefore, it is highly recommended and recommended to have basic knowledge about soil mechanics and foundation techniques before planning a foundation.

To be able to determine the amount of bearing capacity for a particular area and determine the foundation system to be used, basic knowledge is needed regarding the determination of cohesive and non-cohesive soil resistance. Data needed to find out The carrying capacity of the soil is usually determined by drilling the soil or by investigating other land.

History and color meaning of Helmet Safety

History and color meaning of Helmet Safety

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History and color meaning of Helmet Safety

The use of safety helmets (Safety Helmet) starts from workers in a dock or shipyard. Before safety helmets or safety helmets are created they usually protect their heads using hardened dry asphalt which is dried in the sun. The purpose of this use is to cover and protect their heads from the threat of falling or falling objects on the deck of the ship they are building. Officially the first safety helmet was developed in 1912 at the Royal Worker’s Accident Insurance Institute in Bohemia.

In addition to the history of Safety helmets, the basic ingredients for making safety helmets also change along with the development of new and more effective material technologies. The following are the basic ingredients for making helmet safety from time to time:

1. Asphalt was dried before 1912
2. Thick canvas in 1919
3. Aluminum in 1938 (this material should not be used in electricity workers because it is dangerous and can be electrocuted)
4. Fiberglass in 1940
5. Thermoplastic in 1950
6. High Density Polyethylene or HDPE which is still used today.

Safety helmets are of two types, namely:

1. Safety helmet underground or tunnel mining workers. This helmet is in the shape of a wide edge and above is more prominent with a hanger or place for placing a flashlight.
2. Safety helmets used in mining areas or open industries. This helmet is just ordinary or more general.

The Meaning and Purpose of Helmet Safety Colors

The colors on the safety helmet are very striking and bright like yellow, white, orange, green, blue, red etc. The main purpose of the color of the safety helmet is that workers who use this safety helmet will be more easily seen if there are vehicles or heavy equipment that will pass so they are not hit.

But now safety helmets have their own color meaning. The following are some colors of safety helmets that reflect a person's position or position.

1. White safety helmets are usually used by managers, supervisors, engineers, and foremen.
2. Blue safety helmets are usually used by site supervisors, electrical, contractors or temporary supervisors.
3. Yellow safety helmet is usually used by sub contractors or general workers.
4. Green safety helmets are usually used by environmental inspectors.
5. Pink safety helmets are usually worn by new workers or interns.
6. Orange safety helmets are usually worn by company guests.
7. Red safety helmet is usually used by the safety officer who is responsible for checking the safety system that has been installed and functioning in accordance with the standards set.

Actually this safety helmet color difference classification is not yet clear. Maybe this applies after many people interpret and define it so that it becomes a tradition.

Usually the safety helmet color classification is different or not applicable in every country even on every site or project. For example, workers in oil mining, people who use yellow safety helmets are the Operation Department division which is considered the most important unit and consists of skilled Engineers. So for them, yellow hats are the highest status or class, while in yellow construction hats, the lowest class is general workers including cleaner.

Main Functions of Helmet Safety

1. The main function of using a safety helmet is to protect the head to avoid falling goods and others.
2. In using safety helmets there are several things that must be considered including:
3. Before being used, examine that the helmet is in good condition to use, fit and comfortable in the head (not loose and not too narrow), not damaged and deformed.
4. Use a safety helmet in the head properly (not tilted, not looking up, or looking down so that it covers the view or upside down).
5. If you are in a high place and windy conditions, chain strips or chin straps should be used to avoid flying safety helmets due to high winds.

The use of a safety helmet usually has a usage limit, the average age of use of a safety helmet is five years, but this is very dependent on the material used to make the helmet. If the use of a safety helmet is damaged such as being hit by a falling object or being hit by a collision, the helmet must be replaced as soon as possible with a new one. Do not use a safety helmet that has been damaged or damaged.

Every manufacturer of a safety helmet will state the maximum usage limit for the helmet. Check carefully. It should also be noted that the helmet that is finished is cleaned every day. This is done to avoid damage to the material due to sticking dirt. Because it could be dirt is a chemical or oil that can trigger damage to the base material on the safety helmet.

Who is the founder of the Chicken Claw Building Foundation - Prof. Dr. (HC) Ir. R. M. Sedyatmo

Who is the founder of the Chicken Claw Building Foundation - Prof. Dr. (HC) Ir. R. M. Sedyatmo

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Who is the founder of the Chicken Claw Building Foundation - Prof. Dr. (HC) Ir. R. M. Sedyatmo

Prof. Dr. (HC) Ir. R. M. Sedyatmo is one of the leaders of Indonesian Civil Engineers, scholars, practitioners, scientists and professors of the Bandung Institute of Technology. He was born in Karanganyar, Central Java in 1909. He went through basic education at HIS Solo (1916-1923), continued to MULO Solo (1923-1927), and AMS B in Yogyakarta (1927-1930). Sedyatmo is often nicknamed "The Kancil" because it is famous for its many intellect. He studied at the Bandoeng Te Technicche Hoogeschool (THS) now ITB Bandung (1930-1934). After graduating from THS in 1934 with a four-year study period, Sedyatmo worked as a planning engineer in various government agencies.

Career

His career in the academic world began on October 1, 1950 with his appointment as an extraordinary lecturer for vak Waterkracht (the field of hydropower) in the Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia Bandung (ITB). On August 1, 1951 he was officially appointed as extraordinary professor in the field of hydropower. He is the second native professor in ITB's civil department after Prof. Ir. Roosseno. At the third Lustrum (15th Anniversary) Bandung Institute of Technology on March 2, 1974 Sedyatmo received an honor in the form of Doctor Honoris Causa in Engineering from the ITB Senate, on the basis of an assessment of his services as an engineer, with promoter Prof. Ir. Soetedjo.

History

Prof. Dr. Ir. Sedyatmo in 1961 when PLN officials had to establish seven high voltage power towers in the Ancol swamp area of ​​Jakarta. With difficulty, the two towers were successfully established with a conventional foundation system, while the remaining five towers were still abandoned. The tower delivers electricity and an electric power center at Tanjung Priok to the Senayan Sports Center where the 1962 Asian Games sports party will be held.

Because the time is very urgent, while the conventional foundation system is very difficult to implement in the swamps, a new system is sought. The idea of ​​Ir. Sedyatmo to erect a tower on a foundation consisting of concrete plates supported by concrete pipes below it. The pipes and plates are monolithically attached, and gripping the ground softly.

By sedyatmo, the findings were named chicken paw foundation systems. The tower can be completed on time, and remains firmly established in the Ancol area which is now an industrial area. For areas with soft soil, chicken claw foundations are not only suitable for building buildings, but also for making roads and runways. One more advantage, this system does not require a drainage system and receding connections.

Structure

The foundation of chicken claws consists of relatively thin reinforced concrete plates supported by buis-buis reinforced concrete mounted vertically and monolithically combined with concrete plates at a distance of 200-250 cm. The thickness of the concrete plate ranges from 10-20 cm, while reinforced concrete pipes are 120 cm in diameter, 8 cm thick and range from 150-250 cm. Buis - buis concrete is useful for plate stiffeners. In supporting the building load, buis-concrete plate and confined soil in the foundation work together, thus creating a composite system which in its overall way of operation will be identical to the foundation raft foundation.

The mechanism of the chicken claw foundation system in carrying the burden of the observations is as follows:

If above the plate the point load works, the load makes the plate fade. This deflection causes buis - buis rotating chicken claws. Observations on the model show the rotation of the chicken claw mobilizing lateral soil pressure behind the chicken's claw and is a moment against plate deflection. Thus, how to reduce deflection, the greater the moment against the chicken's claw to fight deflection, the greater the deflection reduction. The opposing claw moment is affected by claw dimensions and soil density conditions (shear strength) around the claw, ie the longer and also the width of the claw, the greater the opponent's moment against the plate deflection that can be obtained.

Many buildings have used Prof.'s chicken claw foundation system. Sedyatmo, including hundreds of high voltage PLN towers, aircraft hangars with a stretch of 64 m in Jakarta and Surabaya, between runway and taxi way and apron at Soekarno Hatta Airport in Jakarta, Pluit access road - Cengkareng, fertilizer factories in Surabaya, swimming pools and tribune in Samarinda, Palembang - Indralaya toll road, and hundreds of high-rise buildings in various cities.

The chicken claw foundation system has also been widely known in various countries, and has even received international patent recognition in 40 countries, namely: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, India, China, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain , Sri Lanka, Brazil, Qatar, Soviet Union, Burma, Egypt, South Africa, Portugal, Spain, Argentina, Chile, Australia, Brunei Darussalam, New Zealand, Morocco, West Germany, East Germany, England, Italy, Belgium, Canada, America United, Netherlands and Denmark.

4 Factors affecting the strength of concrete

4 Factors affecting the strength of concrete

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In construction, concrete is a composite building material made from a combination of aggregate and cement binder. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregates (usually gravel and sand), cement and water. In the world of construction, concrete has a vital role. Concrete construction is the building structure of a building. The strength of concrete construction is the backbone of the building or not. Then what are the concrete compilers themselves and what factors affect their strength?

The following is an explanation of the factors that influence the strength of a concrete structure.

1. Cement content

The more cement material you will use, the stronger and better reinforced concrete construction will be produced. The use of cement is directly proportional to the strength of concrete construction.

2. Water Content

The more water you use, the worse the construction of the concrete. Although in the construction of lightweight concrete construction, if water is used a lot, the construction of concrete is easier to do and the work becomes lighter. The key is to use as little water as possible, just so that a mixture of concrete construction can be done (can be transported, casted, compacted and finished).

3. Water Mixture and Cement Material or Cement Air Fakor

The higher the ratio of the mixture of water and cement materials, the concrete construction will be even worse. To improve the quality of concrete construction, the house must reduce the ratio of water and cement materials.

The water and cement material is the ratio between the weight of water compared to the weight of cement material. If we symbolize water with W, and we symbolize the cement material with C then the formula is FAS = W / C, where the density of water is 1 kg / liter, and the density of cement material is 3150 kg / m3 (required American Standard Testing and Material).

4. Aggregate (Sand and coral)

A mixture that is too much sand even though it will make the concrete smooth but its strength is slightly reduced, when compared to a normal mixture. The strength of the concrete will decrease if the mixing uses molen for too long. Conversely, if concrete consists of a lot of coral, concrete construction will be rough but its strength becomes better when compared to concrete that uses more sand.

Ir. Soekarno The First President of Indonesia was a World Architect

Ir. Soekarno The First President of Indonesia was a World Architect

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Ir. Soekarno The First President of Indonesia was a World Architect

In this article, let's try to analyze how Ir.Soekarno, a civil engineer can form a country the size of Indonesia, what is taught in the civil engineering department so as to create a mindset to make major changes, we know that ir. the first president of the Indonesian republic was civil engineering.

So what is the educational history of the First President of the Republic of Indonesia ...?

Soekarno was born with the name of Soesno Sosrodiharjo on June 6, 1901 in the city of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The education he had taken was as follows:

1. HIS in Surabaya (boarding house in the home of Haji Oemar Said Tokroaminoto, veteran politician of Syarikat Islam founder).
2. HBS (Hoogere Burger School) graduated in 1920.
3. THS (the Technische Hoogeschool or the High Engineering Technical School which is now the Bandung Institute of Technology / ITB) in Bandung passed May 25, 1926.

If we look at the back ground of his education, we can know that in addition to learning about the world, in this case civil engineering is also balanced with strong religious knowledge, where the combination of the two sciences is finally able to produce an expert figure in a building that is identical to a change followed by the science of religion that is able to push the steel in carrying out every wish, task and great responsibility, we have no doubt that religion is able to turn despair into enthusiasm, turn pessimists into optimistic, sincere in fighting and able to face every obstacle so that we can realize what is our goal, we can see that this time with Iranian president Ahmad Denajed who has the technological ability accompanied by strong religion so we can see a very powerful result, with each community able to build sincerely without feeling suspicious of lying by jaj government.

Why is civil engineering so closely related to change? some of the following may be an illustration:

1. The government in managing and developing a city will start it first by doing infrastructure development as a means of other changes both in terms of economy, culture and other matters.
2. The moral of the community can be good so that it can carry out activities that are useful for the country can be started from places of worship which of course require civil engineering to play a role.
3. In civil engineering, in addition to learning how to build, it is also learned how to manage or other languages ​​to manage an activity so that it can produce a job with good quality.
4. Civilization of a nation is often depicted by buildings that it has like Indonesia with Monas, Malaysia with the Petronas Tower, America with a statue of Liberty, Netherlands with a clock tower, Saudi Arabia with a haram mosque and Ka'bah, all of which are certainly closely related to civil engineering.
5. Etc.

So the education of Ir. Soekarno in the Department of Civil Engineering is a big capital for the establishment of a great country that might become a nation prepared by God to lead the world in its time.

So the responsibility of the next generation of civil engineering is to continue and be an inspiration for the changes that have been anticipated by all Indonesians, the change does not occur from members of the House of Representatives or the Government, it will be very difficult, changing a country must begin with each person because with a collection The person automatically in a larger scope will change the country to be good.

Which Architect vs Drafter is more Expert and Smart

Which Architect vs Drafter is more Expert and Smart

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Which Architect vs Drafter is more Expert and Smart

It does not mean to demean the architect or drafter profession but here we try to compare the two as evaluation material to get better. yes ... let us answer together questions about Architects VS Which Drafter is more expert and smart? why this question can arise, of course there are many events experienced by drafters or architects so that there are parties who feel disadvantaged or benefited. Well ... please disclose all the information here, maybe it can be more plong and get responses from our other colleagues, as a start here are some things that might enter it.

Complaints from a Drafter Viewing Point to Architects

1. Those who have drafter ideas, who draw drafter but who get the name of the architect.
2. How come the architect can't draw using computer software, is it even better when you come. This may happen to senior architects who do not follow and learn the latest technology, especially in the field of computerization.
3. what else? ... please discuss here.

Complaints from the Architect's Viewpoint on Drafter

1. How come the drafters take over the work of the architect, making the building design to the community directly.
2. This draft is not the picture according to the architect's idea, at will.
3. what else? ... please discuss here.

The essence of the problem lies in the criteria for evaluating one's expertise, we know that in Indonesia there are many who measure something based on a diploma, even though we don't know what someone is like at school first, is a lazy person who often cheats on the theme or is it really diligent and clever, plus the name of that time continues to run, after school there may be those who continue to study independently so that they continue to develop into great personalities, there are also those who stop learning so that their abilities are stuck. So the expert or smart problem cannot be measured by a formal degree, the school is only helping to improve skills, then depending on each individual wants to move forward or not, so a suggestion for drafters or architects to work well to produce the best work, don't forget continue to study independently or at school & nbsp; so that they can become the greatest according to their respective fields and professions.

7 Factors to Look for in Building Planning

7 Factors to Look for in Building Planning

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7 Factors to Look for in Building Planning

The factors that must be considered in planning the building vary, all must be balanced if you want to get the best building design. Examples of designs that are not balanced, such as building a beautiful house but not strong structure, what is the meaning of beauty if the building collapses immediately because the structure is not strong, some are strong and beautiful but require large costs that should be saved, that means the village does not pay attention to economic factors, there are also buildings that are beautiful, strong, and cheap but not healthy, namely air ventilation is not good so it does not support the health and comfort of the occupants, well ... here are some factors that should be balanced.

Factors that must be considered in designing buildings

1. Strength / Strength, starting from a strong foundation withstand the load above it, sloof, columns and beams that are resistant to the weight of the building itself, moving loads, wind loads, earthquakes and others.
2. Stability / Stability, how to keep a building in a planned position, not tilted or even collapsed.
3. Aesthetics / Beauty / Aesthetic, if this can be done brainstorming to get the best design, by making shapes, color mixing, material selection and other things that can add to the beauty of the building.
4. Economical / Economic, the cost factor is also very important, many people want the best and grandest buildings but the available costs are limited, therefore the design also needs to be adjusted to the available budget.
5. Environmentally friendly / Green, for example, while maintaining the presence of existing trees before building, optimizing natural lighting to save electricity use.
6. Health / Health, for example a septictank distance of at least 10 meters from a well when using ground water sources, every room is made to have a window as a clean air vent.
7. Comfort / Comfort, there are many things related to comfort such as the right width and height of the stairs, the position of the bedroom door is not directly facing the living room, and others.

Those are some things that need to be balanced in designing the building, like making a cup of coffee, the size of sugar, coffee and water must be made right so that the taste is delicious, not bitter nor too sweet.

4 Grouping and Types of Concrete in Indonesia

4 Grouping and Types of Concrete in Indonesia

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4 Grouping and Types of Concrete in Indonesia

Concrete is composed of three main components, namely cement, water and aggregates. And if needed it will be added auxiliary material (admixture) to change certain properties of the concrete. The properties of concrete in a state that is still fresh and after hardening can show considerable differences. Depending on the type, quality and comparisons of the mixed materials used. Grouping of concrete basically develops from time to time, and adjusts to the needs of each country or agency concerned.

Based on unit weight (SNI 03-2847-2002)

Lightweight concrete : unit weight <1,900 kg / m³

Normal concrete : unit weight 2,200 kg / m³ - 2,500 kg / m³

Concrete weight : unit weight> 2,500 kg / m³

SNI does not classify heavy concrete, but in general concrete with a unit weight above 2,500 kg / m³ is categorized as heavy concrete, although some apply a value of 3,200 kg / m³ as a heavy concrete lower limit Concrete whose unit weight is between the above categories is generally not effective comparison of its own weight and strength, although there is no prohibition to make concrete with a unit weight between 1,900 kg / m³ - 2,200 kg / m³

1. BASED ON CONCRETE QUALITY

(SNI 03-6468-2000, ACI 318, ACI 363R-92) from cylindrical test objects (dia. 15 cm, height 30 cm)

1. Low quality concrete (low strength concrete): fc '<20 MPa
2. Medium quality concrete (medium strength concrete): fc '= 21 MPa - 40 MPa
3. High strength concrete: fc '> 41 MPa

2. BASED ON SERVICE

1. Conventional concrete, is a normal concrete that does not experience Prestressed pre-service stress
2. Pre-stressed concrete is concrete which is given pre-service stress at the time of manufacture, with a pre-stressing system
3. Post-tensioned concrete, is concrete which is given pre-service stress at the time of manufacture, with a post-tensioning system.

Pre-service stress delivery is generally designed to provide opposing forces with service style, so that when the reinforced concrete construction bears the load, it practically reduces the workload. This type or group concrete must be designed, implemented and supervised by experienced consultants and specialist contractors

3. BASED ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Concrete in special environments is generally grouped based on conditions that threaten the resistance of reinforced concrete construction:

1. concrete in a corrosive environment, because of the influence of sulfate, chloride, alkali salts, etc.
2. concrete in a non-corrosive wet environment
3. concrete in the environment exposed to weather
4. concrete in an environment protected from weather

in general, treatment, materials or design and implementation requirements are required specifically for the environment that have the potential to threaten the durability or durability of construction

4. BASED ON MAKING

From the way it is made, concrete is generally grouped:

1. In-site cast concrete, which is casted concrete in place, with mold or reference installed in the location of structural elements in buildings or buildings or infrastructure
2. Pre-cast concrete, which is concrete casted at a special manufacturing location, and then transported and assembled to be installed in the location of structural elements in buildings or buildings or infrastructure.

What is JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)

What is JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)

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What is JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards)

Japan, which has rapid industrial development is also not free from industry standard standards that are made to standardize all industrial projects. JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) Japanese Industrial Standards have succeeded in making many countries glance at these standards. Indonesia is no exception, JIS is still a reference and reference for Indonesian industrial projects. Then, what exactly is JIS? how is the development? Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) (Nihon Kōgyō Kikaku) sets standards used for industrial activities in Japan. The standardization process was coordinated by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and published through the Japanese Standards Association (JSA). The Japanese Industry Standards Committee consists of many national committees and plays an important role in standardizing activities in Japan. In the Meiji era, the era in which the Japanese empire moved from isolated feudal societies to Westernized forms. The standard is still held and made by private companies, the Empire has only a few standards. All of these were combined and summarized to form the official standard of Japanese Engineering Standard (JES) in 1921. During World War II, the standard was re-simplified and changed to increase the material production of the War.

In 1945 Japanese Association Standards were established after Japan's defeat in World War II. The Japanese Industrial Standards Committee Regulation was announced in 1946, forming a new Japanese standard (new JES). The Industrial Standardization Act was enacted in 1949, which formed the legal basis for Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS).

The Industry Standardization Act was revised in 2004 and the "JIS mark" (product certification system) changed; since October 1, 2005, the new JIS mark has been applied to re-certification. The use of the old mark is permitted during the three-year transition period (until 30 September 2008), and each producer obtains a new certification or renews the certification under the approval of an authority that has been able to use the new JIS mark. Therefore, all Japanese Products have JIS certificates, and new JIS marks since October 1, 2008.

The standard is named like "JIS X 0208: 1997", where X shows the division of regions, followed by four digits (or five digits for several standards that conform to ISO standards), and the year of revision release. Standard JIS classification and numbering are named like "JIS X 0208: 1997", where X denotes Division division, followed by four digits (or five digits for the appropriate ISO standard standards), and revised release year. The JIS Division and significant standards are:

A – Civil Engineering and Architecture

B – Mechanical Engineering

JIS B 7021:2013 – Water resistant watches for general use -- Classification and water resistibility

JIS B 7512:2016 – Steel tape measures JIS B 7516:2005 – Metal rules

C – Electronic and Electrical Engineering

JIS C 0920:2003 – Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

JIS C 5062:2008 – Marking codes for resistors and capacitors

JIS C 5063:1997 – Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors

JIS C 7001 – Type designation system for electronic tubes[1]

JIS C 7012 – Type designation system for discrete semiconductor devices

JIS C 8800:2008 – Glossary of terms for fuel cell power systems

D – Automotive Engineering

E – Railway Engineering

F – Ship building

G – Ferrous Materials and Metallurgy

H – Nonferrous materials and metallurgy[2]

JIS H 2105 – Pig lead

JIS H 2107 – Zinc ingots

JIS H 2113 – Cadmium metal

JIS H 2116 – Tungsten powder and tungsten carbide powder

JIS H 2118 – Aluminum alloy ingots for die castings

JIS H 2121 – Electrolytic cathode copper

JIS H 2141 – Silver bullion JIS H 2201 – Zinc alloy ingots for die casting

JIS H 2202 – Copper alloy ingots for castings

JIS H 2211 – Aluminium alloy ingots for castings

JIS H 2501 – Phosphor copper metal

JIS H 3100 – Copper and copper alloy sheets, plates and strips

JIS H 3110 – Phosphor bronze and nickel silver sheets, plates and strips

JIS H 3130 – Copper beryllium alloy, copper titanium alloy, phosphor bronze, copper-nickel-tin alloy and nickel silver sheets, plates and strips for springs

JIS H 3140 – Copper bus bars JIS H 3250 – Copper and copper alloy rods and bars

JIS H 3260 – Copper and copper alloy wires

JIS H 3270 – Copper beryllium alloy, phosphor bronze and nickel silver rods, bars and wires

JIS H 3300 – Copper and copper alloy seamless pipes and tubes

JIS H 3320 – Copper and copper alloy welded pipes and tubes

JIS H 3330 – Plastic covered copper tubes

JIS H 3401 – Pipe fittings of copper and copper alloys

JIS H 4000 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy sheets and plates, strips and coiled sheets

JIS H 4001 – Painted aluminium and aluminium alloy sheets and strips

JIS H 4040 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy rods, bars and wires

JIS H 4080 – Aluminium and aluminium alloys extruded tubes and cold-drawn tubes

JIS H 4090 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy welded pipes and tubes

JIS H 4100 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy extruded shape

JIS H 4160 – Aluminium and aluminium alloy foils

JIS H 4170 – High purity aluminium foils

JIS H 4301 – Lead and lead alloy sheets and plates

JIS H 4303 – DM lead sheets and plates

JIS H 4311 – Lead and lead alloy tubes for common industries

JIS H 4461 – Tungsten wires for lighting and electronic equipments

JIS H 4463 – Thoriated tungsten wires and rods for lighting and electronic equipment

JIS H 4631 – Titanium and titanium alloy tubes for heat exchangers

JIS H 4635 – Titanium and titanium alloy welded pipes

JIS H 5401 – White metal

JIS H 8300 – Thermal spraying―zinc, aluminium and their alloys

JIS H 8601 – Anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys

JIS H 8602 – Combined coatings of anodic oxide and organic coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys

JIS H 8615 – Electroplated coatings of chromium for engineering purposes

JIS H 8641 – Zinc hot dip galvanizings

JIS H 8642 – Hot dip aluminized coatings on ferrous products

K – Chemical Engineering

L – Textile Engineering

M – Mining

P – Pulp and Paper

JIS P 0138-61 (JIS P 0138:1998): process finished paper size (ISO 216 with a slightly larger B series)

Q – Management System

JIS Q 9001 - Quality management systems – requirements

JIS Q 14001 - Environment management systems - requirements with guidance for use

JIS Q 15001 - Personal information protection management systems – requirements

JIS Q 20000-1 - IT service management – specification

JIS Q 27001 - Information security management systems – requirements

R – Ceramics

S – Domestic Wares

T – Medical Equipment and Safety Appliances

W – Aircraft and Aviation

X – Information Processing

JIS X 0201:1997 – Japanese national variant of the ISO 646 7-bit character set

JIS X 0202:1998 – Japanese national standard which corresponds to the ISO 2022 character encoding

JIS X 0208:1997 – 7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded kanji sets for information interchange

JIS X 0212:1990 – Supplementary Japanese graphic character set for information interchange JIS X 0213:2004 – 7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded extended Kanji sets for information interchange

JIS X 0221-1:2001 – Japanese national standard which corresponds to ISO 10646

JIS X 0401:1973 – To-do-fu-ken (prefecture) identification code JIS X 0402:2003 – Identification code for cities, towns and villages

JIS X 0405:1994 – Commodity classification code

JIS X 0408:2004 – Identification code for universities and colleges

JIS X 0501:1985 – Bar code symbol for uniform commodity code

JIS X 0510:2004 – QR Code

JIS X 3001-1:2009, JIS X 3001-2:2002, JIS X 3001-3:2000 – Fortran programming language

JIS X 3002:2001 – COBOL

JIS X 3005-1:2010 – SQL

JIS X 3010:2003 – C programming language

JIS X 3014:2003 – C++ JIS X 3017:2011,

JIS X 3017:2013 – Programming languages – Ruby

JIS X 3030:1994 – POSIX - repealed in 2010

JIS X 4061:1996 – Collation of Japanese character string

JIS X 6002:1980 – Keyboard layout for information processing using the JIS 7 bit coded character set

JIS X 6054-1:1999 – MIDI JIS X 6241:2004 – 120 mm DVD – Read-only disk

JIS X 6243:1998 – 120 mm DVD Rewritable Disk (DVD-RAM)

JIS X 6245:1999 – 80 mm (1.23GB/side) and 120 mm (3.95GB/side) DVD-Recordable-Disk (DVD-R)

JIS X 6302-6:2011 - Identification cards -- Recording technique -- Part 6: Magnetic stripe -- High coercivity

JIS X 9051:1984 – 16-dots matrix character patterns for display devices

JIS X 9052:1983 – 24-dots matrix character patterns for dot printers

Z – Miscellaneous

JIS Z 2371:2015 – Methods of salt spray testing

JIS Z 8301:2011 – Rules for the layout and drafting of Japanese Industrial Standards

JIS Z 9112:2012 – Classification of fluorescent lamps and light emitting diodes by chromaticity and colour rendering property